Females Display Lower Risk of Myocardial Infarction From Higher Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness Than Males: The Tromsø Study 1994-2014

Abstract

Objective: To examine the dose-response association between estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (eCRF) and risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Patients and Methods: Adults who attended Tromsø Study surveys 4-6 (Janurary 1,1994-December 20, 2008) with no previous cardiovascular disease were followed up through December 31, 2014 for incident MI. Associations were examined using restricted cubic splines Fine and Gray regressions, adjusted for education, smoking, alcohol, diet, sex, adiposity, physical activity, study survey, and age (timescale) in the total cohort and subsamples with hyperlipidemia (n=2956), hypertension (n=8290), obesity (n=5784), metabolic syndrome (n=1410), smokers (n=3823), and poor diet (n=3463) and in those who were physically inactive (n=6255). Results: Of 14,285 participants (mean age ± SD, 53.7±11.4 years), 979 (6.9%) experienced MI during follow-up (median, 7.2 years; 25th-75th, 5.3-14.6 years). Females with median eCRF (32 mL/kg/min) had 43% lower MI risk (subdistributed hazard ratio [SHR], 0.57; 95% CI, 0.48-0.68) than those at the 10th percentile (25 mL/kg/min) as reference. The lowest MI risk was observed at 47 mL/kg/min (SHR, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01-0.11). Males had 26% lower MI risk at median eCRF (40 mL/kg/min; SHR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.63-0.86) than those at the 10th percentile (32 mL/kg/min), and the lowest risk was 69% (SHR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.14-0.71) at 60 mL/kg/min. The associations were similar in subsamples with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Conclusion: Higher eCRF associated with lower MI risk in females and males, but associations were more pronounced among females than those in males. This suggest eCRF as a vital estimate to implement in medical care to identify individuals at high risk of future MI, especially for females.