Viruses and Type 1 Diabetes: From Enteroviruses to the Virome

Sonia R. Isaacs; Dylan B. Foskett; Anna J. Maxwell; Emily J. Ward; Clare L. Faulkner; Jessica Y. X. Luo; William D. Rawlinson; Maria E. Craig; Ki Wook Kim

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9071519

Microorganisms (Jul 2021)

Viruses and Type 1 Diabetes: From Enteroviruses to the Virome

Sonia R. Isaacs,
Dylan B. Foskett,
Anna J. Maxwell,
Emily J. Ward,
Clare L. Faulkner,
Jessica Y. X. Luo,
William D. Rawlinson,
Maria E. Craig,
Ki Wook Kim

Affiliations

Sonia R. Isaacs: Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
Dylan B. Foskett: Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
Anna J. Maxwell: Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
Emily J. Ward: Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
Clare L. Faulkner: Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
Jessica Y. X. Luo: Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
William D. Rawlinson: Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
Maria E. Craig: Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
Ki Wook Kim: Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071519
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 9, no. 7
p. 1519

Abstract

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For over a century, viruses have left a long trail of evidence implicating them as frequent suspects in the development of type 1 diabetes. Through vigorous interrogation of viral infections in individuals with islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes using serological and molecular virus detection methods, as well as mechanistic studies of virus-infected human pancreatic β-cells, the prime suspects have been narrowed down to predominantly human enteroviruses. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of evidence supporting the hypothesised role of enteroviruses in the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. We also discuss concerns over the historical focus and investigation bias toward enteroviruses and summarise current unbiased efforts aimed at characterising the complete population of viruses (the “virome”) contributing early in life to the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Finally, we review the range of vaccine and antiviral drug candidates currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the prevention and potential treatment of type 1 diabetes.

Published in Microorganisms

ISSN: 2076-2607 (Online)
Publisher: MDPI AG
Country of publisher: Switzerland
LCC subjects: Science: Biology (General)
Website: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/microorganisms

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