Quantitative Analysis of White Matter Hyperintensities as a Predictor of 1-Year Risk for Ischemic Stroke Recurrence

Abstract

Abstract Introduction This study evaluates the role of quantitative characteristics of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in predicting the 1-year recurrence risk of ischemic stroke. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 1061 patients with ischemic stroke from January 2018 to April 2021. WMHs were automatically segmented using a cluster-based method to quantify their volume and number of clusters (NoC). Additionally, two radiologists independently rated periventricular and deep WMHs using the Fazekas scale. The cohort was divided into a training set (70%) and a testing set (30%). We employed Cox proportional hazards models to develop predictors based on quantitative WMH characteristics, Fazekas scores, and clinical factors, and compared their performance using the concordance index (C-index). Results A total of 180 quantitative variables related to WMHs were extracted. A higher NoC in deep white matter and brainstem, advanced age (> 90 years old), specific stroke subtypes, and absence of discharge antiplatelets showed stronger associations with the risk of ischemic stroke recurrence within 1 year. The nomogram incorporating quantitative WMHs data showed superior discrimination compared to those based on the Fazekas scale or clinical factors alone, with C-index values of 0.709 versus 0.647 and 0.648, respectively, in the testing set. Notably, a combined model including both WMHs and clinical factors achieved the highest predictive accuracy, with a C-index of 0.735 in the testing set. Conclusion Quantitative assessment of WMHs provides a valuable neuro-imaging tool for enhancing the prediction of ischemic stroke recurrence risk.

Keywords

• White matter hyperintensities
• Ischemic stroke
• Recurrence
• Magnetic resonance imaging