Insights into the Divergence of Chinese <i>Ips</i> Bark Beetles during Evolutionary Adaptation
Huicong Du,
Jiaxing Fang,
Xia Shi,
Chunmei Yu,
Mei Deng,
Sufang Zhang,
Fu Liu,
Zhen Zhang,
Fuzhong Han,
Xiangbo Kong
Affiliations
Huicong Du
Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
Jiaxing Fang
Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
Xia Shi
Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
Chunmei Yu
Forest Diseases and Pest Control and Quarantine General Station of Qinghai Province, Xining 810007, China
Mei Deng
Forest Diseases and Pest Control and Quarantine General Station of Qinghai Province, Xining 810007, China
Sufang Zhang
Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
Fu Liu
Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
Zhen Zhang
Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
Fuzhong Han
Maixiu Forest Farm, Huangnan 811399, China
Xiangbo Kong
Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
Many bark beetles of the genus Ips are economically important insect pests that cause severe damage to conifer forests worldwide. In this study, sequencing the mitochondrial genome and restriction site-associated DNA of Ips bark beetles helps us understand their phylogenetic relationships, biogeographic history, and evolution of ecological traits (e.g., pheromones and host plants). Our results show that the same topology in phylogenetic trees constructed in different ways (ML/MP/BI) and with different data (mtDNA/SNP) helps us to clarify the phylogenetic relationships between Chinese Ips bark beetle populations and Euramerican species and their higher order clades; Ips bark beetles are polyphyletic. The structure of the mitochondrial genome of Ips bark beetles is similar and conserved to some extent, especially in the sibling species Ips typographus and Ips nitidus. Genetic differences among Ips species are mainly related to their geographic distribution and different hosts. The evolutionary pattern of aggregation pheromones of Ips species reflects their adaptations to the environment and differences among hosts in their evolutionary process. The evolution of Ips species is closely related to the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and host switching. Our study addresses the evolutionary trend and phylogenetic relationships of Ips bark beetles in China, and also provides a new perspective on the evolution of bark beetles and their relationships with host plants and pheromones.
