Expanding the Fossil Record of Soldier Fly Larvae—An Important Component of the Cretaceous Amber Forest

Abstract

Larvae of soldier flies and their closest relatives (Diptera: Stratiomyomorpha) are important decomposers of organic material, including wood, that take part in carbon cycling. They also play a certain role in the modern-day animal and human food industry, representing economic value. Larvae of Stratiomyomorpha are considered to be rather rare in the fossil record. Indeed, only very few larvae have been reported so far. Here, we demonstrate that larvae of Stratiomyomorpha are in fact abundant in the Cretaceous, at least in Myanmar amber (about 100 million years old), based on more than 100 amber pieces containing larvae. The specimens could be differentiated into three morphotypes, two already described in a previous work, and a new one. For one morphotype, three larval stages could be distinguished by analysing the dimensions of the head capsules. A quantitative analysis of body shapes indicates a lower morphological diversity of the fossil sample in comparison to the extant fauna, but suggests that they might have had a different ecology in the past. It appears that the data set is not yet saturated, i.e., that more fossil larvae of this group, including different morphologies, are expected to be found.

Keywords

• Diptera
• Stratiomyomorpha
• Myanmar amber
• morphospace
• quantitative morphology