<i>Ziziphus mauritiana</i> Lam. Bark and Leaves: Extraction, Phytochemical Composition, <i>In Vitro</i> Bioassays and <i>In Silico</i> Studies
Nilofar,
Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan,
Stefano Dall’Acqua,
Stefania Sut,
Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba,
Ouattara Katinan Etienne,
Claudio Ferrante,
Jamil Ahmad,
Gokhan Zengin
Affiliations
Nilofar
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey
Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey
Stefano Dall’Acqua
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
Stefania Sut
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul AREL University, Istanbul 34537, Turkey
Ouattara Katinan Etienne
Laboratoire de Botanique et Valorisation de la Diversite Vegetale, UFR Science de la Nature, Universite Nangui Abrogoua, 22 BP 1428 Abidjan 22, Abidjan 83111, Côte d’Ivoire
Claudio Ferrante
Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Jamil Ahmad
Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Gokhan Zengin
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey
In this work, homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE) and maceration (MAE) were applied on leaves and bark of Ziziphus mauritiana using water and methanol (MeOH) as solvents. HAE and MAE extracts were compared through liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and evaluating the antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. Considering the phytochemical contents and the bioassays results, the HAE extracts resulted favorably with larger content of phenolics and higher antioxidant activity. The MeOH extracts displayed the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity, with HAE MeOH leaf extract leading at 0.78 mmol acarbose equivalent (ACAE)/g. In conclusion, the study highlights that HAE can increase the extraction of phenolic and flavonoid from Z. mauritiana plant materials compared to maceration. Further research could explore the potential therapeutic applications of Z. mauritiana extracts, especially HAE MeOH leaf extracts, for their notable antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities, facilitating the way for the development of novel pharmaceutical interventions.
