Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Jan 2024)
Parameterizations of US wildfire and prescribed fire emission ratios and emission factors based on FIREX-AQ aircraft measurements
- G. I. Gkatzelis,
- G. I. Gkatzelis,
- G. I. Gkatzelis,
- M. M. Coggon,
- C. E. Stockwell,
- C. E. Stockwell,
- R. S. Hornbrook,
- H. Allen,
- E. C. Apel,
- M. M. Bela,
- M. M. Bela,
- M. M. Bela,
- D. R. Blake,
- I. Bourgeois,
- I. Bourgeois,
- I. Bourgeois,
- S. S. Brown,
- S. S. Brown,
- P. Campuzano-Jost,
- P. Campuzano-Jost,
- J. M. St. Clair,
- J. M. St. Clair,
- J. H. Crawford,
- J. D. Crounse,
- D. A. Day,
- D. A. Day,
- J. P. DiGangi,
- G. S. Diskin,
- A. Fried,
- J. B. Gilman,
- H. Guo,
- H. Guo,
- J. W. Hair,
- H. S. Halliday,
- H. S. Halliday,
- T. F. Hanisco,
- R. Hannun,
- R. Hannun,
- R. Hannun,
- A. Hills,
- L. G. Huey,
- J. L. Jimenez,
- J. L. Jimenez,
- J. M. Katich,
- J. M. Katich,
- A. Lamplugh,
- A. Lamplugh,
- Y. R. Lee,
- J. Liao,
- J. Liao,
- J. Lindaas,
- J. Lindaas,
- S. A. McKeen,
- S. A. McKeen,
- T. Mikoviny,
- B. A. Nault,
- B. A. Nault,
- B. A. Nault,
- B. A. Nault,
- J. A. Neuman,
- J. A. Neuman,
- J. B. Nowak,
- D. Pagonis,
- D. Pagonis,
- D. Pagonis,
- J. Peischl,
- J. Peischl,
- A. E. Perring,
- A. E. Perring,
- F. Piel,
- F. Piel,
- F. Piel,
- P. S. Rickly,
- P. S. Rickly,
- M. A. Robinson,
- M. A. Robinson,
- M. A. Robinson,
- A. W. Rollins,
- T. B. Ryerson,
- T. B. Ryerson,
- M. K. Schueneman,
- M. K. Schueneman,
- R. H. Schwantes,
- J. P. Schwarz,
- K. Sekimoto,
- V. Selimovic,
- T. Shingler,
- D. J. Tanner,
- L. Tomsche,
- L. Tomsche,
- L. Tomsche,
- L. Tomsche,
- K. T. Vasquez,
- P. R. Veres,
- P. R. Veres,
- R. Washenfelder,
- P. Weibring,
- P. O. Wennberg,
- P. O. Wennberg,
- A. Wisthaler,
- A. Wisthaler,
- G. M. Wolfe,
- C. C. Womack,
- C. C. Womack,
- L. Xu,
- L. Xu,
- L. Xu,
- L. Xu,
- K. Ball,
- R. J. Yokelson,
- C. Warneke
Affiliations
- G. I. Gkatzelis
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- G. I. Gkatzelis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- G. I. Gkatzelis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- M. M. Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- C. E. Stockwell
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- C. E. Stockwell
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- R. S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, NCAR, Boulder, CO, USA
- H. Allen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- E. C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, NCAR, Boulder, CO, USA
- M. M. Bela
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- M. M. Bela
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- M. M. Bela
- currently at: Geo Sustainability, Google, Boulder, CO, USA
- D. R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- I. Bourgeois
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- I. Bourgeois
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- I. Bourgeois
- currently at: Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
- S. S. Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- S. S. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- P. Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- P. Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- J. M. St. Clair
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- J. M. St. Clair
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- J. H. Crawford
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- J. D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- D. A. Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- D. A. Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- J. P. DiGangi
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- G. S. Diskin
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- A. Fried
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- J. B. Gilman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- H. Guo
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- H. Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- J. W. Hair
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- H. S. Halliday
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- H. S. Halliday
- currently at: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- T. F. Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- R. Hannun
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- R. Hannun
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- R. Hannun
- currently at: Department of Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- A. Hills
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, NCAR, Boulder, CO, USA
- L. G. Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- J. L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- J. L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- J. M. Katich
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- J. M. Katich
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- A. Lamplugh
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- A. Lamplugh
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- Y. R. Lee
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- J. Liao
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- J. Liao
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR II), University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA
- J. Lindaas
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- J. Lindaas
- currently at: AGI/AAAS Congressional Science Fellow, Washing D.C., USA
- S. A. McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- S. A. McKeen
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- T. Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA
- B. A. Nault
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- B. A. Nault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- B. A. Nault
- currently at: Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
- B. A. Nault
- currently at: Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- J. A. Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- J. A. Neuman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- J. B. Nowak
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- D. Pagonis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- D. Pagonis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- D. Pagonis
- currently at: Weber State University, Ogden, UT, USA
- J. Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- J. Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- A. E. Perring
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- A. E. Perring
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA
- F. Piel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- F. Piel
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- F. Piel
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
- P. S. Rickly
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- P. S. Rickly
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- M. A. Robinson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- M. A. Robinson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- M. A. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- A. W. Rollins
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- T. B. Ryerson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- T. B. Ryerson
- currently at: Scientific Aviation, Boulder, CO, USA
- M. K. Schueneman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- M. K. Schueneman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- R. H. Schwantes
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- J. P. Schwarz
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- K. Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- V. Selimovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- T. Shingler
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- D. J. Tanner
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR II), University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA
- L. Tomsche
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- L. Tomsche
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
- L. Tomsche
- currently at: Institute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center, Wessling, Germany
- L. Tomsche
- currently at: Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- K. T. Vasquez
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- P. R. Veres
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- P. R. Veres
- currently at: Earth Observing Laboratory, NCAR, Boulder, CO, USA
- R. Washenfelder
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- P. Weibring
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- P. O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- P. O. Wennberg
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- A. Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- A. Wisthaler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- G. M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- C. C. Womack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- C. C. Womack
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- L. Xu
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- L. Xu
- currently at: Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- L. Xu
- currently at: NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- L. Xu
- McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- K. Ball
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- R. J. Yokelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- C. Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-929-2024
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 24
pp. 929 – 956
Abstract
Extensive airborne measurements of non-methane organic gases (NMOGs), methane, nitrogen oxides, reduced nitrogen species, and aerosol emissions from US wild and prescribed fires were conducted during the 2019 NOAA/NASA Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality campaign (FIREX-AQ). Here, we report the atmospheric enhancement ratios (ERs) and inferred emission factors (EFs) for compounds measured on board the NASA DC-8 research aircraft for nine wildfires and one prescribed fire, which encompass a range of vegetation types. We use photochemical proxies to identify young smoke and reduce the effects of chemical degradation on our emissions calculations. ERs and EFs calculated from FIREX-AQ observations agree within a factor of 2, with values reported from previous laboratory and field studies for more than 80 % of the carbon- and nitrogen-containing species. Wildfire emissions are parameterized based on correlations of the sum of NMOGs with reactive nitrogen oxides (NOy) to modified combustion efficiency (MCE) as well as other chemical signatures indicative of flaming/smoldering combustion, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and black carbon aerosol. The sum of primary NMOG EFs correlates to MCE with an R2 of 0.68 and a slope of −296 ± 51 g kg−1, consistent with previous studies. The sum of the NMOG mixing ratios correlates well with CO with an R2 of 0.98 and a slope of 137 ± 4 ppbv of NMOGs per parts per million by volume (ppmv) of CO, demonstrating that primary NMOG emissions can be estimated from CO. Individual nitrogen-containing species correlate better with NO2, NOy, and black carbon than with CO. More than half of the NOy in fresh plumes is NO2 with an R2 of 0.95 and a ratio of NO2 to NOy of 0.55 ± 0.05 ppbv ppbv−1, highlighting that fast photochemistry had already occurred in the sampled fire plumes. The ratio of NOy to the sum of NMOGs follows trends observed in laboratory experiments and increases exponentially with MCE, due to increased emission of key nitrogen species and reduced emission of NMOGs at higher MCE during flaming combustion. These parameterizations will provide more accurate boundary conditions for modeling and satellite studies of fire plume chemistry and evolution to predict the downwind formation of secondary pollutants, including ozone and secondary organic aerosol.
