Amputation and mortality rates of patients undergoing upper or lower limb surgical embolectomy and their predictors

Abstract

Purpose To provide information on the outcomes of upper and lower limb surgical embolectomies and the factors influencing amputation and mortality. Methods A retrospective, single-center analysis of 347 patients (female, N = 207; male, N = 140; median age, 76 years [interquartile range {IQR}, 63.2–82.6 years]) with acute upper or lower limb ischemia due to thromboembolism who underwent surgery between 2005 and 2019 was carried out. Patient demographics, comorbidities, medical history, the severity of acute limb ischemia (ALI), preoperative medication regimen, embolus/thrombus localization, procedural data, in-hospital complications/adverse events and their related interventions, and 30-day mortality were reviewed in electronic medical records. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test; in addition, univariate and multivariate logistic regression was conducted. Results The embolus/thrombus was localized to the upper limb in 134 patients (38.6%) and the lower limb in 213 patients (61.4%). The median length of hospital stay was 3.8 days (IQR, 2.1–6.6 days). The in-hospital major amputation rates for the upper limb, lower limb, and total patient population were 2.2%, 14.1%, and 9.5%, respectively, and the in-hospital plus 30-day mortality rates were 4.5%, 9.4%, and 7.5%, respectively. In patients with lower limb embolectomy, the predictor of in-hospital major amputation was the time between the onset of symptoms and embolectomy (OR, 1.78), while the predictor of in-hospital plus 30-day mortality was previous stroke (OR, 7.16). In the overall patient cohort, there were two predictors of in-hospital major amputation: 1) the time between the onset of symptoms and embolectomy (OR, 1.92) and 2) compartment syndrome (OR, 3.51). Conclusion Amputation and mortality rates after surgical embolectomies in patients with ALI are high. Patients with prolonged admission time, compartment syndrome, and history of stroke are at increased risk of limb loss or death. To avoid amputation and death, patients with ALI should undergo surgical intervention as soon as possible and receive close monitoring in the peri- and postprocedural periods.