Galilean invariant dynamics in an emergent spin-orbit coupled Zeeman lattice

Abstract

Abstract Periodic band structures are a hallmark phenomenon of condensed matter physics. While often imposed by external potentials, periodicity can also arise through the interplay of couplings that are not necessarily spatially periodic on their own, but this option is generally less explored than the fully-periodic counterpart. Here, we investigate dynamics in a lattice structure that emerges from the simultaneous application of Raman and radio frequency coupling to a dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensate. We elaborate on the role of Galilean invariance in this system and demonstrate a variety of techniques, including Bloch oscillations and lattice shaking with spin and momentum resolved measurements. This combined coupling scheme allows for tunability and control, enabling future investigations into unconventional band structures such as quasi-flat ground bands and those with semimetal-like band gaps.