Clinical Features and Characteristics of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Caused by Recent Coxsackievirus A6: Five Cases in Japan from 2019 to 2022

Abstract

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease caused by enteroviruses. Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6)-associated HFMD has recently emerged as a predominant disease worldwide. Here, we describe five HFMD cases caused by CV-A6 in Japan from 2019 to 2022. All clinical courses were not severe and were self-limited, and the skin exanthema with vesicles differed from that in classical HFMD. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the major epidemic strain cluster of CV-A6 was formed independently in 2011, and our latest CV-A6 strains in Japan were detected within this cluster. The five cases described in this report indicate the recent shift in the predominant and continuous disease manifestation of CV-A6-associated HFMD.

Keywords

• enterovirus
• coxsackievirus A6
• hand, foot, and mouth disease
• herpes zoster virus
• herpes simplex virus
• reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)