Biomolecules (May 2025)

Past, Present and Future Perspectives of Forensic Genetics

  • Itzae Adonai Gutiérrez-Hurtado,
  • Mayra Elizabeth García-Acéves,
  • Yolanda Puga-Carrillo,
  • Mariano Guardado-Estrada,
  • Denisse Stephania Becerra-Loaiza,
  • Víctor Daniel Carrillo-Rodríguez,
  • Reynaldo Plazola-Zamora,
  • Juliana Marisol Godínez-Rubí,
  • Héctor Rangel-Villalobos,
  • José Alonso Aguilar-Velázquez

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15050713
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 15, no. 5
p. 713

Abstract

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Forensic genetics has experienced remarkable advancements over the past decades, evolving from the analysis of a limited number of DNA segments to comprehensive genome-wide investigations. This progression has significantly improved the ability to establish genetic profiles under diverse conditions and scenarios. Beyond individual identification, forensic genetics now enables the inference of physical traits (e.g., eye, hair, and skin color, as well as body composition), biogeographic ancestry, lifestyle habits such as alcohol and tobacco use, and even the transfer of genital microbiomes post-coitus, among other characteristics. Emerging trends point to a future shaped by the integration of cutting-edge technologies, including CRISPR-Cas systems, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, which promise to further revolutionize the field. This review provides a thorough exploration of forensic genetics, tracing its evolution from its foundational methods (past) to its diverse modern applications (present) and offering insights into its potential future directions.

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