Training Data-Driven Speech Intelligibility Predictors on Heterogeneous Listening Test Data

Abstract

Prediction of Speech Intelligibility (SI) is a topic of interest for most speech processing applications, where intelligibility is of any importance, e.g., speech coding, transmission and enhancement. Traditionally, SI predictors have been based on signal processing methods and heuristics, but more recently, an increasing number of data-driven SI-predictors have been proposed. Data-driven prediction of SI requires large quantities of labelled data, ideally from many listening tests. Listening tests differ in factors such as vocabulary, talker, listener’s task, etc. collectively referred to as the paradigm. A naïve strategy of training SI-predictors directly on stimuli, pooled from different listening tests, is futile because the exact map from the stimulus to SI is determined, not only by the stimulus, but also by the paradigm. Data-driven SI-predictors trained in this way become specialized to the paradigms of the training data by erroneously attributing all paradigm influences on SI to the stimulus. The problem is fundamental and persists even in the idealized situation where training data is abundant. We propose a strategy for training data-driven SI-predictors that is independent of the paradigms, underlying the training data. The proposed strategy is to concatenate an SI-predictor and a layer of trainable dataset-specific mapping functions, each corresponding to a single paradigm in the training data. These mapping functions are trained jointly with the SI-predictor and serve to efficiently approximate the psychometric functions implied by each paradigm. The mapping functions prevent the predictor from specializing to these paradigms during training. We present an SI-predictor with a novel architecture that incorporates a convolutional network and an ESTOI back-end, train it with this strategy, compare it to naïve training and a range of existing non-data-driven predictors. The proposed training strategy and architecture results in higher performance overall and increased robustness to unseen paradigms.

Keywords

• Neural networks
• psychometric functions
• speech intelligibility prediction