Danggui Shaoyao San Alleviates Early Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease Mice Through IRS1/GSK3β/Wnt3a‐β‐Catenin Pathway

Abstract

ABSTRACT Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. We explored the potential mechanism by which Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS) modulates central glucose metabolism via the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1)/glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β)/Wnt3a‐β‐catenin pathway, thereby exerting protective effects on cognitive functions. Methods In vitro, HT22 cells were induced with streptozotocin (STZ) to investigate the impact of GSK3β on pathway transduction. The active components in the DSS stock solution were validated using mass spectrometry. Subsequently, an AD model in C57BL/6J mice was established through STZ injection into both ventricles. The success of the model was validated behaviorally and pathologically. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) test, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, quantitative reverse transcription‐PCR, and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) were employed to evaluate the influence of DSS on memory and pathological changes in AD. Results The DSS stock solution, rich in active components, ameliorated the memory deficits in AD mice in the MWM. In vitro, GSK3β exhibited regulatory control over Wnt and β‐catenin, with GSK3β inhibition mitigating β‐amyloid and tau redundancies at protein and gene levels, facilitating signal transduction. In vivo, DSS impacted key targets in the IRS1/GSK3β/Wnt3a‐β‐catenin pathway, mitigated senile plaques resulting from amyloid β (Aβ) deposition and neurofiber tangles induced by tau hyperphosphorylation, and alleviated the decline in central glucose metabolism observed in FDG‐PET. Conclusions Our findings suggest that DSS potentially confers cognitive protection by alleviating central hypoglycemia through the IRS1/GSK3β/Wnt3a‐β‐catenin pathway. This may serve as a promising therapeutic avenue for AD.

Keywords

• Alzheimer's disease
• central glucose metabolism
• Danggui Shaoyao San
• insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1)/glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β)/Wnt3a‐β‐catenin pathways