Viologen-Decorated TEMPO for Neutral Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries

Abstract

A novel electroactive organic molecule, viz., 1-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-1′-(3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium trichloride ((TPABPy)Cl3), is synthesized by decorating 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) with viologen, which is used as the positive electrolyte in neutral aqueous redox flow battery (ARFB). Extensive characterizations are performed to investigate the composition/structure and the electrochemical behavior, revealing the favorable effect of introducing the cationic viologen group on the electroactive TEMPO. Salient findings are as follows. First, the redox potential is elevated from +0.745 V for TEMPO to +0.967 V for decorated TEMPO, favoring its use as the positive electrolyte. Such an elevation originates from the electron-withdrawing effect of the viologen unit, as evidenced by the nuclear magnetic resonance and single crystal structure analysis. Second, linear sweep voltammetry reveals that the diffusion coefficient is 2.97×10−6 cm2 s−1, and the rate constant of the one-electron transfer process is 7.50×10−2 cm s−1. The two values are sufficiently high as to ensure low concentration and kinetics polarization losses during the battery operation. Third, the permeability through anion-exchange membrane is as low as 1.80×10−11 cm2 s−1. It is understandable as the positive-charged viologen unit prevents the molecule from permeating through the anion exchange membrane by the Donnan effect. Fourth, the ionic nature features a decent conductivity and thus eliminates the use of additional supporting electrolyte. Finally, a flow battery is operated with 1.50 M (TPABPy)Cl3 as the positive electrolyte, which affords a high energy density of 19.0 Wh L-1 and a stable cycling performance with capacity retention of 99.98% per cycle.