RETRACTED: BEGINNING OF HISTORY OF THE RUSSIAN PARLIAMENTARISM AND MULTI-PARTY SYSTEM

Abstract

RETRACTED ARTICLEThe article highlights the foundation of parliamentary reform of the Russian Empire laid by the Highest rescript of February 18, 1905, which was signed by Nicholas II. The author analyzes a complex process of discussion and establishment of the major laws and acts of the state formation (The manifesto of October 17, 1905. «On the state order perfection», the Manifesto of August 6, 1905. «On Establishment of the State Duma», «The basic state laws of the Russian Empire» of April 23, 1906, etc.) which were accepted under the pressure of revolution and became a legal basis of transformation of Russia into a constitutional monarchy with multiparty political system.

Keywords

• state duma
• parliamentarism
• multi-party system
• emperor
• autocracy
• state system
• reform
• political system
• revolution
• law-making
• manifesto