Is resistant hypertension an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes? A prospective cohort study

Abstract

Abstract Background Resistant hypertension is independently associated with an increased risk of death in the general hypertensive population. We assessed whether resistant hypertension is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes from the Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events (RIACE) Italian Multicentre Study. Methods On 31 October 2015, vital status information was retrieved for 15,656 of the 15,773 participants enrolled in 2006–2008. Based on baseline blood pressure (BP) values and treatment, participants were categorized as normotensive, untreated hypertensive, controlled hypertensive (i.e., on-target with 3 drugs or controlled with > 4 drugs). Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to assess the association with all-cause mortality. Results Using the 130/80 mmHg targets for categorization, crude mortality rates and Kaplan–Meier estimates were highest among resistant hypertension participants, especially those with controlled resistant hypertension. As compared with resistant hypertension, risk for all-cause mortality was significantly lower for all the other groups, including individuals with controlled hypertension (hazard ratio 0.81 [95% confidence interval 0.74–0.89], P < 0.0001), but became progressively similar between resistant and controlled hypertension after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and complications/comorbidities. Also when compared with controlled resistant hypertension, mortality risk was significantly lower for all the other groups, including controlled hypertension, even after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors (0.77 [0.63–0.95], P = 0.012), but not for complications/comorbidities (0.88 [0.72–1.08], P = 0.216). BP was well below target in the controlled hypertensive groups (resistant and non-resistant) and values < 120/70 mmHg were associated with an increased mortality risk. Results changed only partly when using the 140/90 mmHg targets for categorization. Conclusions In the RIACE cohort, at variance with the general hypertensive population, resistant hypertension did not predict death beyond target organ damage. Our findings may be explained by the high mortality risk conferred by type 2 diabetes and the low BP values observed in controlled hypertensive patients, which may mask risk associated with resistant hypertension. Less stringent BP goals may be preferable in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00715481, retrospectively registered 15 July, 2008.

Keywords

• Resistant hypertension
• Type 2 diabetes
• All-cause mortality
• Cardiovascular disease
• Chronic kidney disease