Experimental analysis of transformer efficiency in relation to load resistance

Abstract

Transformers play a pivotal role in the distribution of electrical energy, particularly in electronic devices. Load resistance significantly influences transformer efficiency. This study employs an experimental methodology with the objective of assessing the congruence between experimental data analysis and theoretical calculations. The experimental setup involves testing a step-up transformer characterized by the following primary coil specifications: Np (number of turns) = 500, rp (resistance) = 2.5 Ω, Lp (self-inductance) = 9 mH, and secondary coil specifications: Ns (number of turns) = 1000, rs (resistance) = 9.5 Ω, Ls (self-inductance) = 36 mH. Load resistance (R) is varied within the range of 10 to 500 Ω. The outcomes reveal a progressive enhancement in transformer efficiency with the increasing load, up to 300 Ω, after which efficiency experiences a decline. In the case of a step-down transformer, possessing identical specifications as the step-up variant, efficiency displays an analogous pattern of augmentation with load resistance up to 80 Ω, beyond which it diminishes. Furthermore, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for the step-up transformer stands at 0.0012, with an R-square (R2) value of 0.99. Similarly, for the step-down transformer, RMSE registers at 0.0060, accompanied by an R-square (R2) of 0.99. These findings affirm the exceptional adequacy of the employed theory in elucidating the intricate interplay between transformer efficiency and load resistance.