Efficacy of the Mediterranean diet in treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Abstract Background There are limited treatment options for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (MASLD) in children and adolescents. Aim To evaluate the effectiveness of the Mediterranean diet in improving liver function in children and adolescents with MASLD. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane CENTRAL for interventional studies investigating the effect of Mediterranean diet on MASLD in children and adolescents. The primary outcome was a change in liver function measured using these liver enzymes; Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST) and Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). The secondary outcomes were lipid profile, body weight, and insulin resistance. The risk of bias was assessed using the MASTER scale. Bias-adjusted inverse variance heterogeneity models were used to synthesize overall weighted mean differences for the treatment effect (WMD) and their 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated using the I2 statistics, Tau-squared and Doi plots, respectively. Result Out of 5915 study records identified from database searches, five studies with 308 participants, two randomized controlled trials, and three quasi-experimental studies, met the inclusion criteria. In overall synthesis, the Mediterranean diet was associated with moderate improvements in liver function as shown by reductions in the liver enzymes [ALT - WMD − 10.85 U/L, 95% CI -20.03 to -1.68, I2 = 42, T 2 = 38.8, AST - WMD − 9.26 U/L, 95% CI -17.14 to -1.38, I2 = 70.7, T 2 = 42.7, and GGT - WMD − 1.99 95% CI -5.09 to 1.11)], but changes in body weight, lipid profile and insulin resistance were small and insignificant. Conclusion The Mediterranean diet may improve liver function in children with MASLD. More randomized controlled trials are needed to develop high-certainty evidence on these findings. Registration This protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42023426939. 31/05/2023.

Keywords

• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
• Pediatric
• Children
• Mediterranean diet
• MASLD