HistoMIL: A Python package for training multiple instance learning models on histopathology slides

Abstract

Summary: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained slides are widely used in disease diagnosis. Remarkable advances in deep learning have made it possible to detect complex molecular patterns in these histopathology slides, suggesting automated approaches could help inform pathologists’ decisions. Multiple instance learning (MIL) algorithms have shown promise in this context, outperforming transfer learning (TL) methods for various tasks, but their implementation and usage remains complex. We introduce HistoMIL, a Python package designed to streamline the implementation, training and inference process of MIL-based algorithms for computational pathologists and biomedical researchers. It integrates a self-supervised learning module for feature encoding, and a full pipeline encompassing TL and three MIL algorithms: ABMIL, DSMIL, and TransMIL. The PyTorch Lightning framework enables effortless customization and algorithm implementation. We illustrate HistoMIL’s capabilities by building predictive models for 2,487 cancer hallmark genes on breast cancer histology slides, achieving AUROC performances of up to 85%.

Keywords

• Histology
• Artificial intelligence
• Machine learning