BMC Medical Education (Aug 2025)

Improving intersectoral collaboration between formal healthcare workers and traditional bonesetters in resource-limited settings: evaluation of a pilot collaborative orthopaedic trauma course in rural Tanzania

  • Joost J. Binnerts,
  • Thom C. C. Hendriks,
  • Maarten J. Meijer,
  • Jovine Okoth,
  • Nkaina W. Harun,
  • Penn S. Teyha,
  • George Njambilo,
  • Inyas L. Akaro,
  • Baraka R. Mkinze,
  • Erik Staal,
  • Matthijs Botman,
  • Nefti Bempong-Ahun,
  • Geoffrey Ibbotson,
  • William Harrison,
  • Claude Martin,
  • Erik Hermans,
  • Michael J. R. Edwards,
  • Bwire M. Chirangi

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07737-z
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 25, no. 1
pp. 1 – 8

Abstract

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Abstract Background High trauma rates and limited orthopaedic care services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have led to reliance on traditional bonesetters (TBSs). Previous studies have set up formal training for TBSs to promote integration in the primary healthcare sector. However, the hierarchic structure of these initiatives poses the risk of alienating TBSs instead. Therefore, this study piloted a novel training strategy, by assessing the feasibility of an orthopaedic trauma course, involving bilateral knowledge exchange between both formal healthcare workers (FHWs) and TBSs. Methods In November 2024, TBSs and FHWs from Rorya district, rural Tanzania, attended a three-day basic trauma course, aimed at teaching basic extremity fracture care and enhancing collaboration. Data on demographics, pre- and post-course knowledge, changes in daily practice, and perspectives were collected through tests and interviews. Results Fifteen FHWs and three TBSs participated in the training. Test results revealed a significant average increase in knowledge, from 79.1% pre-course to 86.5% directly post-course, which was maintained at 89.2% after 1 year post-course. In the interviews, most FHWs and TBSs noted changes in daily fracture care practice, the establishment of mutual understanding and respect, and supported expansion of the training course. Conclusions The results support the notion that merged training of FHWs and TBSs can improve fracture care-related knowledge of trainees. Wide support was observed for increased collaboration between FHWs and TBSs, indicating that this type of training is feasible and could be expanded into more extensive, formalized programs. Future programs could benefit from performing follow-up practical examination for objective verification of practice changes, referral monitoring and larger sample sizes. Clinical relevance Involvement of TBSs in orthopaedic trauma courses for FHWs could enhance training effectiveness and intersectoral collaboration in LMICs.

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