The Occipital Nerves Applied Strain Test to Support Occipital Neuralgia Diagnosis

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Occipital neuralgia (ON) is a disabling cephalalgia form with demanding diagnostic workflow. We report the description and reliability analyses of the occipital nerves-applied strain (ONAS) test for occipital neuralgia (ON) early-stage diagnosis in cephalalgia patients. Methods In a retrospective and observational study, we evaluated, among n = 163 consecutive cephalalgia patients, the sensitivity, specificity, and prior probability [positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values] of the ONAS test against two reference tests (occipital nerve anesthetic block and the painDETECT questionnaire). Multinomial logistic regression (MLR) and χ 2 analyses verified the ONAS test outcome's dependence upon independent variables (gender, age, pain site, block test, and painDETECT outcomes). We assessed inter-rater agreement with Cohen's kappa statistic. Results ONAS test showed sensitivity and specificity of 81 and 18%, respectively, against the painDETECT and of 94 and 46%, respectively, against the block test. PPV was > 70% against both tests, while NPV was 81% against the block test and 26% against the painDETECT. Interrater agreement Cohen's kappa was excellent. Significant association (χ 2 analyses) and relationship (MLR) were found only between ONAS test and pain site but not with the other independent predictors. Conclusions The ONAS test showed satisfactory reliability among cephalalgia patients; thus, it might be considered a valuable early stage tool for ON diagnosis in these patients.

Keywords

• Occipital neuralgia
• ONAS test
• PainDETECT
• Anesthetic block
• Reliability