Evidence for Primordial Alignment: Insights from Stellar Obliquity Measurements for Compact Sub-Saturn Systems

Abstract

Despite decades of effort, the mechanisms by which the spin axis of a star and the orbital axes of its planets become misaligned remain elusive. In particular, it is of great interest whether the large spin–orbit misalignments observed are driven primarily by high-eccentricity migration—expected to have occurred for short-period, isolated planets—or reflect a more universal process that operates across systems with a variety of present-day architectures. Compact multiplanet systems offer a unique opportunity to differentiate between these competing hypotheses, as their tightly packed configurations preclude violent dynamical histories, including high-eccentricity migration, allowing them to trace the primordial disk plane. In this context, we report measurements of the sky-projected stellar obliquity ( λ ) via the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect for two sub-Saturns in multiple-transiting systems: TOI-5126 b ( λ = 1 ± 48°) and TOI-5398 b ( $\lambda =-{8.1}_{-6.3}^{+5.3}{^\circ} $ ). Both are spin–orbit aligned, joining a fast-growing group of just three other compact sub-Saturn systems, all of which exhibit spin–orbit alignment. In aggregate with archival data, our results strongly suggest that sub-Saturn systems are primordially aligned and become misaligned largely in the postdisk phase, as appears to be the case increasingly for other exoplanet populations.

Keywords

• Exoplanet astronomy
• Exoplanet dynamics
• Exoplanet evolution
• Extrasolar gaseous giant planets
• Radial velocity
• Transits