Burden of disease attributable to high body mass index: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

• Xiao-Dong Zhou,
• Qin-Fen Chen,
• Wah Yang,
• Mauricio Zuluaga,
• Giovanni Targher,
• Christopher D. Byrne,
• Luca Valenti,
• Fei Luo,
• Christos S. Katsouras,
• Omar Thaher,
• Anoop Misra,
• Karim Ataya,
• Rodolfo J. Oviedo,
• Alice Pik-Shan Kong,
• Khalid Alswat,
• Amedeo Lonardo,
• Yu Jun Wong,
• Adam Abu-Abeid,
• Hazem Al Momani,
• Arshad Ali,
• Gabriel Alejandro Molina,
• Olivia Szepietowski,
• Nozim Adxamovich Jumaev,
• Mehmet Celal Kızılkaya,
• Octavio Viveiros,
• Carlos Jesus Toro-Huamanchumo,
• Kenneth Yuh Yen Kok,
• Oral Ospanov,
• Syed Imran Abbas,
• Andrew Gerard Robertson,
• Yasser Fouad,
• Christos S. Mantzoros,
• Huijie Zhang,
• Nahum Méndez-Sánchez,
• Silvia Sookoian,
• Wah-Kheong Chan,
• Sombat Treeprasertsuk,
• Leon Adams,
• Ponsiano Ocama,
• John D. Ryan,
• Nilanka Perera,
• Ala I. Sharara,
• Said A. Al-Busafi,
• Christopher Kenneth Opio,
• Manuel Garcia,
• Michelle Ching Lim-Loo,
• Elena Ruiz-Úcar,
• Arun Prasad,
• Anna Casajoana,
• Tamer N. Abdelbaki,
• Ming-Hua Zheng

Affiliations

Xiao-Dong Zhou

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

Qin-Fen Chen

Medical Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

Wah Yang

Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

Mauricio Zuluaga

Departament of Surgery, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, United States

Giovanni Targher

Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, IRCCS Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy

Christopher D. Byrne

Southampton National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, and University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK

Luca Valenti

Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Precision Medicine, Biological Resource Center Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

Fei Luo

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

Christos S. Katsouras

First Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina and Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece

Omar Thaher

Department of Surgery, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospitals of the Ruhr University of Bochum, Herne, NRW, Germany

Anoop Misra

Fortis-CDOC Center of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases, and Endocrinology, National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation and Diabetes Foundation, New Delhi, India

Karim Ataya

Department of Bariatric Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Rodolfo J. Oviedo

Nacogdoches Center for Metabolic & Weight Loss Surgery, Nacogdoches Medical Center, Nacogdoches, TX, United States

Alice Pik-Shan Kong

Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Khalid Alswat

Liver Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Amedeo Lonardo

Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara (-2023), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy

Yu Jun Wong

Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore; Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

Adam Abu-Abeid

Division of Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Affiliated to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Hazem Al Momani

Weight Management Unit, Royal NMC Hospital, Khalifa City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Arshad Ali

Metabolic and Bariatric, Fatima8h hospital, Tehran, Iran

Gabriel Alejandro Molina

Department of Surgery, USFQ (Universidad San Francisco), Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador

Olivia Szepietowski

Department of Surgery, Ashford and St Peter's Hospital, Chertsey, Surrey, United Kingdom

Nozim Adxamovich Jumaev

Department Surgical Diseases, Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Almazar, Uzbekistan

Mehmet Celal Kızılkaya

Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Acibadem Atakent University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

Octavio Viveiros

Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Hospital Lusiadas Amadora, Amadora, Lisbon, Portugal

Carlos Jesus Toro-Huamanchumo

Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru; OBEMET Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, Lima, Peru; Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia

Kenneth Yuh Yen Kok

Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei-Muara, Brunei

Oral Ospanov

Surgical Disease and Bariatric Surgery, Astana Medical University, Astana, Aqmola, Kazakhstan

Syed Imran Abbas

Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Iranian Hospital Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Andrew Gerard Robertson

Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Yasser Fouad

Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

Christos S. Mantzoros

Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Huijie Zhang

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

Nahum Méndez-Sánchez

Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico

Silvia Sookoian

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Faculty of Health Science, Maimónides University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Translational Health Research Center (CENITRES), Maimónides University, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Wah-Kheong Chan

Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Sombat Treeprasertsuk

Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

Leon Adams

Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

Ponsiano Ocama

Department of Medicine, Makerere University of College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda

John D. Ryan

Department of Hepatology, RCSI School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Dublin/Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

Nilanka Perera

Department of Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka

Ala I. Sharara

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon

Said A. Al-Busafi

Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman

Christopher Kenneth Opio

Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya

Manuel Garcia

Departament of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Tu Opcion Bariatrica/Swiss Hospital, Monterrey, Mexico

Michelle Ching Lim-Loo

Department of Surgery, Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center, Manila, Philippines

Elena Ruiz-Úcar

Department of Metabolic, Bariatric and Endocrine Surgery, Fuenlabrada University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

Arun Prasad

Surgical Gastroenterology, Bariatric and Robotic Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India

Anna Casajoana

Departament of Esophagogastric and Bariatric Surgery, Hospital del Mar de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Tamer N. Abdelbaki

Department of General Surgery, Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt

Ming-Hua Zheng

MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for the Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China; Corresponding author. MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.