PLoS ONE (Jan 2022)

Laboratory and epidemiology data of pertussis cases and close contacts: A 5-year case-based surveillance of pertussis in Indonesia, 2016–2020

  • Sunarno Sunarno,
  • Sundari Nur Sofiah,
  • Novi Amalia,
  • Yudi Hartoyo,
  • Aulia Rizki,
  • Nelly Puspandari,
  • Ratih Dian Saraswati,
  • Dwi Febriyana,
  • Tati Febrianti,
  • Ida Susanti,
  • Khariri Khariri,
  • Kambang Sariadji,
  • Fauzul Muna,
  • Yuni Rukminiati,
  • Novi Sulistyaningrum,
  • Dyah Armi Riana,
  • Masri Sembiring Maha,
  • Fitriana Fitriana,
  • Vivi Voronika,
  • Muamar Muslih,
  • Mushtofa Kamal,
  • Vivi Setiawaty

Journal volume & issue
Vol. 17, no. 4

Abstract

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Pertussis cases have been reported most frequently in developed countries, but they are predicted to be the most prevalent in developing countries. Indonesia, a developing country, routinely conducts case-based surveillance for pertussis. We reviewed the data on pertussis cases and close contacts based on clinical sample documents examined in the National Reference Laboratory for pertussis, Indonesia (2016–2020). Our objective was to analyze the laboratory and epidemiological aspects of pertussis cases and close contacts, particularly to evaluate the implementation of a 5-year case-based surveillance of pertussis in Indonesia. Data were collected from sample documents and annual laboratory reports between January 2016 and December 2020. We analyzed the proportion of pertussis cases and close contacts by geographic region, year, age, and sex. We used the χ2 test to correlate the laboratory and epidemiological data. In total, 274 clinical cases of pertussis and 491 close contacts were recorded in 15 provinces. The peak number of cases occurred in 2019, with a positivity rate (percentage of laboratory-confirmed cases) of 41.23% (47/114). Clinical cases were dominated by infants aged <1 year (55.5%), and 52.9% of them were aged <6 months. Similarly, 72.3% (68/94) of the laboratory-confirmed cases were infants. Both clinical cases and positivity rates tended to be higher in females (155 cases, 38.1%) than in males (119 cases, 29.4%). No confirmed cases were found in children aged ≥10 years, although positive results still occurred in close contact. Age-group and laboratory-confirmed cases were correlated (p = 0.00). Clinical and confirmed cases of pertussis occurred mostly in the early age group and may be lower in those aged ≥10 years, especially in confirmed cases. New policies are needed for pertussis prevention at an early age, as well as the application of serology tests to increase laboratory-confirmed cases in children aged ≥10 years.