Pharmacological and Advanced Cell Respiration Effects, Enhanced by Toxic Human-Bile Nano-Pharmaceuticals of Probucol Cell-Targeting Formulations
Susbin Raj Wagle,
Bozica Kovacevic,
Daniel Walker,
Corina Mihaela Ionescu,
Melissa Jones,
Goran Stojanovic,
Sanja Kojic,
Armin Mooranian,
Hani Al-Salami
Affiliations
Susbin Raj Wagle
Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6102, Australia
Bozica Kovacevic
Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6102, Australia
Daniel Walker
Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6102, Australia
Corina Mihaela Ionescu
Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6102, Australia
Melissa Jones
Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6102, Australia
Goran Stojanovic
Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
Sanja Kojic
Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
Armin Mooranian
Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6102, Australia
Hani Al-Salami
Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6102, Australia
Bile acids have recently been studied for potential applications as formulation excipients and enhancers for drug release; however, some bile acids are not suitable for this application. Unconjugated lithocholic acid (ULCA) has recently shown drug formulation-stabilizing and anti-inflammatory effects. Lipophilic drugs have poor gut absorption after an oral dose, which necessitates the administration of high doses and causes subsequent side effects. Probucol (PB) is a highly lipophilic drug with poor oral absorption that resulted in restrictions on its clinical prescribing. Hence, this study aimed to design new delivery systems for PB using ULCA-based matrices and to test drug formulation, release, temperature, and biological effects. ULCA-based matrices were formulated for PB oral delivery by applying the jet-flow microencapsulation technique using sodium alginate as a polymer. ULCA addition to new PB matrices improved the microcapsule’s stability, drug release in vitro (formulation study), and showed a promising effect in ex vivo study (p < 0.05), suggesting that ULCA can optimize the oral delivery of PB and support its potential application in diabetes treatment.
