Acridine as an Anti-Tumour Agent: A Critical Review
Potlapati Varakumar,
Kalirajan Rajagopal,
Baliwada Aparna,
Kannan Raman,
Gowramma Byran,
Clara Mariana Gonçalves Lima,
Salma Rashid,
Mohammed H. Nafady,
Talha Bin Emran,
Sławomir Wybraniec
Affiliations
Potlapati Varakumar
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
Kalirajan Rajagopal
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
Baliwada Aparna
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
Kannan Raman
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
Gowramma Byran
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty 643001, India
Clara Mariana Gonçalves Lima
Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
Salma Rashid
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
Mohammed H. Nafady
Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12568, Egypt
Talha Bin Emran
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
Sławomir Wybraniec
Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
This review summarized the current breakthroughs in the chemistry of acridines as anti-cancer agents, including new structural and biologically active acridine attributes. Acridine derivatives are a class of compounds that are being extensively researched as potential anti-cancer drugs. Acridines are well-known for their high cytotoxic activity; however, their clinical application is restricted or even excluded as a result of side effects. The photocytotoxicity of propyl acridine acts against leukaemia cell lines, with C1748 being a promising anti-tumour drug against UDP-UGT’s. CK0403 is reported in breast cancer treatment and is more potent than CK0402 against estrogen receptor-negative HER2. Acridine platinum (Pt) complexes have shown specificity on the evaluated DNA sequences; 9-anilinoacridine core, which intercalates DNA, and a methyl triazene DNA-methylating moiety were also studied. Acridine thiourea gold and acridinone derivatives act against cell lines such as MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3, and MCF-7. Benzimidazole acridine compounds demonstrated cytotoxic activity against Dual Topo and PARP-1. Quinacrine, thiazacridine, and azacridine are reported as anti-cancer agents, which have been reported in the previous decade and were addressed in this review article.
