Design of new captopril mimics as promising ACE inhibitors: ADME, pharmacophore, molecular docking and dynamics simulation with MM-PBSA and PCA calculations

Abstract

New pyrrolidine derivatives with more than 50% structural similarity with captopril were designed to get new captopril mimics with superior potential to act on both peripheral and central ACE. Further optimization was carried out through pharmacophoric mapping, then pharmacokinetics of these compounds were analyzed, 42 derivatives were selected for further study, as they exhibited potential to pass through BBB. Molecular docking on ACE using captopril and lisinopril as reference drugs was performed, and Compound 28 (2-Pyrrolidin-2-ylidene-N-thiomorpholin-4-ylmethyl-malonamic acid ethyl ester) showed the best docking scores, proving its superiority over captopril and comparability to lisinopril. Further molecular dynamics simulations and energy calculations demonstrated binding stability and close mimicry to both drugs. The results indicate that Compound 28 is a promising candidate for further investigations as a potential drug to act centrally and peripherally. Compound 28 can be synthesized by reacting Cyano-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene-acetic acid ethyl ester through Mannich reaction with thiomorpholine and formaldehyde.

Keywords

• Captopril mimics
• Design of ACE inhibitors
• Molecular docking
• Virtual screening
• Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)
• Pyrrolidin derivatives