A Metal-Organic Framework-Based Colorimetric Sensor Array for Transcutaneous CO₂ Monitoring via Lensless Imaging

Abstract

Transcutaneous carbon dioxide (TcPCO2) monitoring provides a non-invasive alternative to measuring arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), making it valuable for various applications, such as sleep diagnostics and neonatal care. However, traditional transcutaneous monitors are bulky, expensive, and pose risks such as skin burns. To address these limitations, we have introduced a compact, cost-effective CMOS imager-based sensor for TcPCO2 detection by utilizing colorimetric reactions with metal–organic framework (MOF)-based nano-hybrid materials. The sensor, with a colorimetric sensing array fabricated on an ultrathin PDMS membrane and then adhered to the CMOS imager surface, can record real-time sensing data through image processing without the need for additional optical components, which significantly reduces the sensor’s size. Our system shows impressive sensitivity and selectivity, with a low detection limit of 26 ppm, a broad detection range of 0–2% CO2, and strong resistance to interference from common skin gases. Feasibility tests on human subjects demonstrate the potential of this MOF-CMOS imager-based colorimetric sensor for clinical applications. Additionally, its compact design and responsiveness make it suitable for sports and exercise settings, offering valuable insights into respiratory function and performance. The sensing system’s compact size, low cost, and reversible and highly sensitive TcPCO2 monitoring capability make it ideal for integration into wearable devices for remote health tracking.

Keywords

• transcutaneous gas
• carbon dioxide
• colorimetric sensor
• MOFs
• CMOS Imager