Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia
Saad Alhumaid
Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Garout
Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
Roua A. Alsubki
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
Fatimah S. Alshahrani
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
Wadha A. Alfouzan
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
Jeehan H. Alestad
Immunology and Infectious Microbiology Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
Abdullah E. Alsaleh
Core Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
Maha A. Al-Mozaini
Immunocompromised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
Thoyaja Koritala
Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, USA
Sultan Alotaibi
Molecular Microbiology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
Mohamad-Hani Temsah
Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Ali Akbar
Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
Rafiq Ahmad
Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
Zainab Khalid
Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
Javed Muhammad
Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
Naveed Ahmed
Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
Measles is an RNA virus infectious disease mainly seen in children. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine against measles, it remains a health issue in children. Although it is a self-limiting disease, it becomes severe in undernourished and immune-compromised individuals. Measles infection is associated with secondary infections by opportunistic bacteria due to the immunosuppressive effects of the measles virus. Recent reports highlight that measles infection erases the already existing immune memory of various pathogens. This review covers the incidence, pathogenesis, measles variants, clinical presentations, secondary infections, elimination of measles virus on a global scale, and especially the immune responses related to measles infection.
