The role of lifestyle factors in the association between education and self-reported fibromyalgia: a mediation analysis

Abstract

Abstract Background Socioeconomic status as measured by education, income, or occupation, has been associated with fibromyalgia but the underlying mechanism and the role of lifestyle factors are unclear. Thus, we examine the role of modifiable lifestyle factors (body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking) in the association between education and self-reported fibromyalgia. Methods We used data from 74,157 participants in the population-based prospective Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) study. Socioeconomic position, operationalized as years of educational attainment, and lifestyle factors were assessed via self-reported questionnaires. Multiple mediation analysis was used to decompose total effects into direct and indirect effects. Estimates were reported as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results The cumulative incidence of fibromyalgia was 3.2% after a median follow up time of 13 years. Fibromyalgia was inversely associated with years of educational attainment for ≤ 9 years (HR = 2.56; 95% CI 2.32–2.91) and for 10–12 years (HR = 1.84; 95% CI 1.72–2.02), compared with ≥ 13 years of education. Overall, all lifestyle factors together jointly mediated 17.3% (95% CI 14.3–21.6) and 14.1% (95% CI 11.3–18.9) of the total effect for ≤ 9 years and 10–12 years of education, respectively. Smoking and alcohol consumption contributed the most to the proportion mediated, for ≤ 9 years (5.0% and 7.0%) and 10–12 years (5.6% and 4.5%) of education. Conclusion The association between education and self-reported fibromyalgia was partly explained through lifestyle factors, mainly smoking and alcohol consumption.

Keywords

• Fibromyalgia
• Lifestyle factors
• Mediation analyses
• Body mass index
• Physical activity
• Smoking