Characterization of Food-Additive Titanium Dioxide and Dietary Exposure to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles among the Chinese Population
Yue Cao,
Huali Wang,
Chunlai Liang,
Qing Liu,
Tong Ou,
Ling Yong,
Xiao Xiao,
Haixia Sui,
Dingguo Jiang,
Zhaoping Liu,
Sheng Wei,
Yan Song
Affiliations
Yue Cao
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China
Huali Wang
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China
Chunlai Liang
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China
Qing Liu
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China
Tong Ou
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China
Ling Yong
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China
Xiao Xiao
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China
Haixia Sui
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China
Dingguo Jiang
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China
Zhaoping Liu
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China
Sheng Wei
School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Academy Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
Yan Song
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a prevalent food additive, yet comprehensive data on particle size and dietary exposure are lacking in China. Transmission electron microscopy results revealed that the quantitative proportion of nanoparticles (NPs) in food-additive TiO2 was 37.7%, with a mass fraction of 9.89%. Laboratory test results showed that among the domestic products surveyed, candies excluding gum-based candies contained the highest content of TiO2. Using consumption data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2018, the average dietary exposure for TiO2 and TiO2 NPs in the Chinese population were calculated at 34.84 and 3.44 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. The primary dietary sources were puffed food and powdered drinks. Exposure varied significantly across age and region, with children and Inner Mongolia residents having the highest intake. TiO2 NP exposure showed a negative correlation with age. Despite this, the dietary exposure risk of TiO2 NPs for the Chinese population remains deemed acceptable.
