The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2024)
Analysis of the Full Spitzer Microlensing Sample. I. Dark Remnant Candidates and Gaia Predictions
- Krzysztof A. Rybicki,
- Yossi Shvartzvald,
- Jennifer C. Yee,
- Sebastiano Calchi Novati,
- Eran O. Ofek,
- Ian A. Bond,
- Charles Beichman,
- Geoff Bryden,
- Sean Carey,
- Calen Henderson,
- Wei Zhu,
- Michael M. Fausnaugh,
- Benjamin Wibking,
- The Spitzer Team,
- Andrzej Udalski,
- Radek Poleski,
- Przemek Mróz,
- Michał K. Szymański,
- Igor Soszyński,
- Paweł Pietrukowicz,
- Szymon Kozłowski,
- Jan Skowron,
- Krzysztof Ulaczyk,
- Patryk Iwanek,
- Marcin Wrona,
- The OGLE Collaboration,
- Yoon-Hyun Ryu,
- Michael D. Albrow,
- Sun-Ju Chung,
- Andrew Gould,
- Cheongho Han,
- Kyu-Ha Hwang,
- Youn Kil Jung,
- In-Gu Shin,
- Hongjing Yang,
- Weicheng Zang,
- Sang-Mok Cha,
- Dong-Jin Kim,
- Hyoun-Woo Kim,
- Seung-Lee Kim,
- Chung-Uk Lee,
- Dong-Joo Lee,
- Yongseok Lee,
- Byeong-Gon Park,
- Richard W. Pogge,
- The KMTNet Collaboration,
- Fumio Abe,
- Richard Barry,
- David P. Bennett,
- Aparna Bhattacharya,
- Akihiko Fukui,
- Ryusei Hamada,
- Shunya Hamada,
- Naoto Hamasaki,
- Yuki Hirao,
- Stela Ishitani Silva,
- Yoshitaka Itow,
- Rintaro Kirikawa,
- Naoki Koshimoto,
- Yutaka Matsubara,
- Shota Miyazaki,
- Yasushi Muraki,
- Tutumi Nagai,
- Kansuke Nunota,
- Greg Olmschenk,
- Clement Ranc,
- Nicholas J. Rattenbury,
- Yuki K. Satoh,
- Takahiro Sumi,
- Daisuke Suzuki,
- Paul. J. Tristram,
- Aikaterini Vandorou,
- Hibiki Yama,
- MOA collaboration,
- Łukasz Wyrzykowski,
- Kornel Howil,
- Katarzyna Kruszyńska
Affiliations
- Krzysztof A. Rybicki
- ORCiD
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Yossi Shvartzvald
- ORCiD
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Jennifer C. Yee
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden St., MS-15, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Sebastiano Calchi Novati
- IPAC , Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Eran O. Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Ian A. Bond
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University , Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Charles Beichman
- IPAC , Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Geoff Bryden
- IPAC , Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Sean Carey
- IPAC , Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Calen Henderson
- ORCiD
- IPAC , Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084, People's Republic of China
- Michael M. Fausnaugh
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Tech University , Lubbock TX, 79410-1051, USA
- Benjamin Wibking
- Michigan State University , 426 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- The Spitzer Team
- Andrzej Udalski
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland
- Radek Poleski
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland
- Przemek Mróz
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland
- Michał K. Szymański
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland
- Igor Soszyński
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland
- Paweł Pietrukowicz
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland
- Szymon Kozłowski
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland
- Jan Skowron
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland
- Krzysztof Ulaczyk
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland; Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7 AL, UK
- Patryk Iwanek
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland
- Marcin Wrona
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland
- The OGLE Collaboration
- Yoon-Hyun Ryu
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Michael D. Albrow
- ORCiD
- University of Canterbury , School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand
- Sun-Ju Chung
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Andrew Gould
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University , 140 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Cheongho Han
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Kyu-Ha Hwang
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Youn Kil Jung
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; National University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- In-Gu Shin
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden St., MS-15, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Hongjing Yang
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Weicheng Zang
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden St., MS-15, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Sang-Mok Cha
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Kyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
- Dong-Jin Kim
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Hyoun-Woo Kim
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Seung-Lee Kim
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Chung-Uk Lee
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Dong-Joo Lee
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Yongseok Lee
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Kyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
- Byeong-Gon Park
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Richard W. Pogge
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University , 140 West 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, Ohio State University , 191 West Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The KMTNet Collaboration
- Fumio Abe
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Richard Barry
- Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- David P. Bennett
- ORCiD
- Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Aparna Bhattacharya
- Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Akihiko Fukui
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias , Via Lactea s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Ryusei Hamada
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Shunya Hamada
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Naoto Hamasaki
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Yuki Hirao
- Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan
- Stela Ishitani Silva
- Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Physics, The Catholic University of America , Washington, DC 20064, USA
- Yoshitaka Itow
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Rintaro Kirikawa
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Naoki Koshimoto
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Yutaka Matsubara
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Shota Miyazaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science , Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
- Yasushi Muraki
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Tutumi Nagai
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Kansuke Nunota
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Greg Olmschenk
- Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Clement Ranc
- Sorbonne Université , CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
- Nicholas J. Rattenbury
- Department of Physics, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
- Yuki K. Satoh
- ORCiD
- College of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University , 1-50-1 Mutsuurahigashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8501, Japan
- Takahiro Sumi
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Daisuke Suzuki
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Paul. J. Tristram
- University of Canterbury Mt. John Observatory , P.O. Box 56, Lake Tekapo 8770, New Zealand
- Aikaterini Vandorou
- Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Hibiki Yama
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- MOA collaboration
- Łukasz Wyrzykowski
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland
- Kornel Howil
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland
- Katarzyna Kruszyńska
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7bb1
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 975,
no. 2
p. 216
Abstract
In the pursuit of understanding the population of stellar remnants within the Milky Way, we analyze the sample of ∼950 microlensing events observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope between 2014 and 2019. In this study we focus on a subsample of nine microlensing events, selected based on their long timescales, small microlensing parallaxes, and joint observations by the Gaia mission, to increase the probability that the chosen lenses are massive and the mass is measurable. Among the selected events we identify lensing black holes and neutron star candidates, with potential confirmation through forthcoming release of the Gaia time-series astrometry in 2026. Utilizing Bayesian analysis and Galactic models, along with the Gaia Data Release 3 proper-motion data, four good candidates for dark remnants were identified: OGLE-2016-BLG-0293, OGLE-2018-BLG-0483, OGLE-2018-BLG-0662, and OGLE-2015-BLG-0149, with lens masses of ${3.0}_{-1.3}^{+1.8}\,{M}_{\odot }$ , ${4.7}_{-2.1}^{+3.2}\,{M}_{\odot }$ , ${3.15}_{-0.64}^{+0.66}\,{M}_{\odot }$ and ${1.40}_{-0.55}^{+0.75}\,{M}_{\odot }$ , respectively. Notably, the first two candidates are expected to exhibit astrometric microlensing signals detectable by Gaia, offering the prospect of validating the lens masses. The methodologies developed in this work will be applied to the full Spitzer microlensing sample, populating and analyzing the timescale ( t _E ) versus parallax ( π _E ) diagram to derive constraints on the population of lenses in general and massive remnants in particular.
Keywords
- Astrometric microlensing effect
- Gravitational microlensing
- Satellite microlensing parallax
- Microlensing parallax
- Black holes
- Neutron stars
