Late-onset Radiologic Findings of Respiratory System Following Sulfur Mustard Exposure

Abstract

Background: Sulfur mustard (SM) as a chemical warfare agent, increases permeability of bronchial vessels and damages airway epithelium. SM exposure causes debilitating respiratory complications. This study was designed to evaluate clinical respiratory manifestations, and to compare chest X ray (CXR) and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan of chest in SM exposed patients with respiratory complaints. Methods:All patients with history of SM exposure who visited Imam Reza Specialized Clinic of Respiratory Diseases from September 2001 to March 2011 were included. Patients with other comorbidities which affect respiratory system were excluded. CXR and chest HRCT scan were performed on the same day and were repeated after 5 years. Clinical and radiologic findings were collected and were compared with each other. Results: In total, 62 male patients with mean age of 53 (6.9, 41-65) were studied. Dyspnea (61 cases; 100%), dry cough (40 cases; 66%), hemoptysis (21 cases; 35%) and productive cough (20 cases; 33%) were the most common respiratory manifestations. Pulmonary infiltration (51; 83%), pleural thickening (25; 40%) and emphysema (16; 26%) were the most common findings on CXR. According to HRCT scan, pulmonary infiltration (53; 85%), bronchiolitis obliterans (38; 61%) and pleural thickening (36; 58%) were the most common findings (Table 2). Repeated radiologic assessments after 5 years showed a few additional findings in HRCT scan, while in about one fifth of CXRs, new pathologic findings were found. Conclusion: Patients with SM exposure experience debilitating respiratory disorders in long term. Repeating CXR in patients who present with subjective symptoms may show new findings; however, repeating HRCT scan is probably not necessary.

Keywords

• Sulfur Mustard
• Respiratory disorder
• Chemical warfare agents
• Poisoning
• Radiology