Protective Effect of Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6-Bieckol from <i>Ecklonia cava</i> on Monocyte-Associated Vascular Dysfunction

Abstract

Ecklonia cava (E. cava) can alleviate vascular dysfunction in diseases associated with poor circulation. E. cava contains various polyphenols with different functions, but few studies have compared the effects of these polyphenols. Here, we comparatively investigated four major compounds present in an ethanoic extract of E. cava. These four major compounds were isolated and their effects were examined on monocyte-associated vascular inflammation and dysfunctions. Pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PPB) significantly inhibited monocyte migration in vitro by reducing levels of inflammatory macrophage differentiation and of its related molecular factors. In addition, PPB protected against monocyte-associated endothelial cell death by increasing the phosphorylations of PI3K-AKT and AMPK, decreasing caspase levels, and reducing monocyte-associated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by decreasing the phosphorylations of ERK and AKT. The results of this study show that four compounds were effective for reduction of monocyte-associated vascular inflammation and dysfunctions, but PPB might be more useful for the treatment of vascular dysfunction in diseases associated with poor circulation.

Keywords

• poor blood circulation
• <i>Ecklonia cava</i>
• phlorotannins
• pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol
• functional ingredients
• endothelial cell death
• vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration
• inflammation