Geosciences (Feb 2024)
Remotely Sensed and Field Data for Geomorphological Analysis of Water Springs: A Case Study of Ain Maarrouf
Abstract
Tabular Middle Atlas of Morocco holds the main water reservoir that serves many cities across Morocco. Dolomite and limestone are the most dominant geologic formations in this region in which water resources are contained. The recent studies conducted to evaluate the quality of this water suggest that it is very vulnerable to pollutants resulting from both anthropogenic and natural phenomenon. High and very high-resolution satellite imagery have been used in an attempt to gain a better understanding of this karstic system and suggest a strategy for its protection in order to reduce the impact of these phenomenon. Based on the surface reflectance of land cover benchmarks, the karstic system has been horizontally delineated, as well as regions with intense human activities. Using band combination in the portion of the infrared, shortwave infrared, and visible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, we identified bare lands which have been interpreted as carbonate rocks, clay minerals, uncultivated fields, basalts rocks, and built-up areas. Other classes such as water and vegetation have been identified. Carbonate rocks have been identified as areas with a high rate of water infiltration through their fracture system. Using a Sobel operator filter, these fractures have been mapped and their results have revealed new and existing faults in two major fracture directions, NE-SW and NW-SE, where NE-SW is the preferable pathway for surface water infiltration towards the groundwater reservoir, while the NW-SE direction drains groundwater from the Cause to the basin of Saiss. Over time, the infiltration of surface water through fractures has contributed to a gradual erosion of the carbonate rocks, which in turn developed karst landforms. This karst system is vulnerable due to the flow of pollutants in areas with shallow sinkholes. Using GDEM imagery, we extracted karst depressions, and their analysis shows that they are distributed along the fracture system and many of them were located on curvilinear or linear axes along the NE-SW fracture direction. We found also dolines scattered in areas with a high intensity of fractures. This distribution has been validated by both on-the-ground measurements and very high-resolution satellite images, and depressions of different forms and shapes dominated by dolines, poljes, lapiez, and avens have been identified. We also found many water springs with a highly important water output, such as the Ain Maarrouf water spring. The aim of this study is to enhance the understanding of the hydrogeological system of TMA, to improve the existence of the fracture database in the Cause of Agourai, and to establish a new morpho-structural picture of the Ain Maarrouf water spring.
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