The flow of ferromagnetic nanofluid over an extending surface under the effect of operative Prandtl model: A numerical study

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of magnetic dipole on the flow of nanofluids over the extending surface. This study is based on steady and non-porous medium with no-slip conditions. Two types of nanofluids are examined under the effect of operative Prandtl model and thermal convection. The experimental results comprising the spreading of γ A l 2 O 3 - H 2 O and γ A l 2 O 3 - C 2 H 6 O 2 have been used from the existing literature with and without the magnetic dipole. The basic governing equations are transformed using the transformation into a set of nonlinear differential equations for both categories of nanofluids. The fourth-order Runge Kutta numerical scheme has been executed to solve the nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The impacts of the embedded parameters such as nanofluid volume fraction, Prandtl number, and dissipation term have been examined and discussed. The important features of the study such as Curie temperature, skin friction, and local Nusselt number are also analyzed physically and numerically. (1) It is perceived that ethylene glycol–based nanofluids are more effective due to their strong thermophysical properties compared to water-based nanofluids. By increasing the volume fraction ϕ , the temperature of the nanofluids ( γ A l 2 O 3 - C 2 H 6 O 2 and γ A l 2 O 3 - H 2 O ) is increased, and this is due to the fact that nanofluids exhibit high thermal conductivity compared to ordinary heat transfer fluids. (2) It is observed from the obtained results that the magnetic dipole is usually used to control the turbulence behavior of the fluid flow.