Cost–utility of cardiac contractility modulation in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in Italy

Abstract

Abstract Aims Cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) is a device therapy for heart failure, based on the delivery of high‐voltage biphasic impulses to the right ventricular septum during the myocardial absolute refractory period. This study evaluated the cost‐effectiveness of CCM therapy plus optimal medical therapy (OMT) vs. OMT alone in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Methods and results A Markov model with a lifespan time horizon was developed to assess the cost–utility using the FIX trials as main data sources. A deterministic sensitivity analysis and a probabilistic sensitivity analysis were run to analyse the decision uncertainty in the model through cost‐effectiveness acceptability curve (CEAC) and cost‐effectiveness acceptability frontier (CEAF). Value of information analysis was also conducted computing the expected value of perfect information (EVPI) and the expected value of partial perfect information. The base case results showed that the CCM plus OMT option was highly cost‐effective compared with OMT alone with an incremental cost–utility ratio of €7034/quality‐adjusted life year (QALY). The CEAC and CEAF illustrated that for all willingness to pay levels above €5600/QALY, tested up to €50 000/QALY, CCM plus OMT alternative had the highest probability of being cost‐effective. The EVPI per patient was estimated to be €124 412 on a willingness to pay threshold of €30 000/QALY. Conclusions For patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, CCM therapy could be cost‐effective when taking a lifetime horizon. Further long‐term, post‐approval clinical studies are needed to verify these results in a real‐world context, particularly concerning the effect of CCM therapy on mortality.

Keywords

• Heart failure
• Device therapy
• Cardiac contractility modulation
• Economic evaluation
• Costs