Entropy Optimization of First-Grade Viscoelastic Nanofluid Flow over a Stretching Sheet by Using Classical Keller-Box Scheme

Abstract

Nanofluids have better surface stability, thermal absorption, and distribution capacities are produced as heat transfer fluids. In current nanofluid-transport studies, together with the heat transfer mechanisms, entropy reduction in thermo- and non-Newtonian nanofluid models with changing thermophysical characteristics is heavily addressed. The entropy production is examined as thermodynamically stable first-grade viscoelastic nanofluid (FGVNF) flow over a flat penetrable, porous barrier. The uniform porous horizontal stretching of the surface in a Darcy type of pore media results in a fluid motion disturbance. In addition, this study also includes the effects of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and slip conditions at the border. Under boundary layer flow and Rosseland approximations, the governing mathematical equations defining the physical features of the FGVNF flow and heat transfer models are summarized. The governing nonlinear partial differential equation is transformed by similarity variables to achieve solutions in nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Approximative solutions for reduced ordinary differential equations are obtained by the Keller Box Scheme. Two distinct types of nanofluids, Copper-Engine Oil (Cu-EO) and Zirconium Dioxide-Engine Oil (ZrO2-EO), are considered in this research. The graphs are produced to examine the effects of the different physical factors for the speed, temperature, and entropy distributions. The significant findings of this study are that the critical characteristics of (boundary layer) BL collectively promote temperature variation, including slip speed, diverse thermal conductivity, and non-Newtonian first-grade viscoelastic nanofluid, the concentration of nanoparticles as well as thermal radiation, and a high porous media. The other noteworthy observation of this study demonstrates that the (Cu-EO) FGVNF is a better conductor than (ZrO2-EO) FGVNF transmission. The entropy of the system grows the Deborah number and volume fraction parameter.

Keywords

• first-grade viscoelastic nanofluids
• porous media
• solar radiation
• thermal jump conditions
• Keller-Box method