4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid as an Antiviral Product from Alkaline Autoxidation of Catechinic Acid: A Fact to Be Reviewed

Abstract

The dark brown mixture resulting from the autooxidation of catechinic acid (CA) (AOCA) has been reported to possess antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). Unfortunately, the constituents of AOCA were not separated or identified and the compound(s) responsible for AOCA’s antiviral activity remained unknown until recently. Colorless 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (4-HBA) has been reported as the main constituent (75%) of AOCA, and as being responsible for its antiviral activity. The findings seemed not to be reliable because of the existence in the literature of very different findings, because of the high concentration that was attributed to the supposed 4-HBA in the dark mixture, and because of the absence of essential analytical experiments to confirm 4-HBA in AOCA. Particularly, the AOCA chromatograms highlighting a peak attributable to 4-HBA, using commercial 4-HBA as a standard, is missing, as well as investigations concerning the antiviral activity of marketed 4-HBA. Therefore, in this study, to verify the exactness of the recent reports, we prepared CA from catechin and AOCA from CA, and the absence of 4-HBA in the mixture was first established by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and then was confirmed by UHPLC–MS/MS, UV–Vis, and ATR–FTIR analyses. For further confirmation, the ATR–FTIR spectral data were processed by principal components analysis (PCA), which unequivocally established strong structural differences between 4-HBA and AOCA. Finally, while the antiviral effects of AOCA against HSV-2 were confirmed, a commercial sample of 4-HBA was completely inactive.

Keywords

• (+)-catechin
• catechinic acid (CA)
• alkaline autooxidation of CA (AOCA)
• 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA)
• antiviral activity
• ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)