Ionic Liquids as Environmental Pollutants—Analysis of the Effect of Tetrabutylammonium Chloride on the Growth and Development of Wheat and Cucumber

Abstract

Ionic liquids are a huge group of chemical compounds that have found, or may, in the future, find, applications in various industries. These compounds are characterized by excellent physical, chemical, and biological properties, but a big problem is their environmental impact. One of the representatives of this group of compounds is tetrabutylammonium chloride ([TBA][Cl]). In this present study, the effects of [TBA][Cl] were evaluated on two popular plant species—a monocotyledonous plant—wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and a dicotyledonous plant—cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The results showed that the compound caused a pronounced inhibition of plant growth and roots, as well as plant fresh weight yield. An increase in plant dry weight was observed at the same time. Despite the decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments, no major changes were observed in chlorophyll fluorescence. All observed changes were strongly related to the applied concentration of the compound.

Keywords

• phytotoxicity
• chlorophyll fluorescence
• photosynthetic pigments content
• ionic liquids