Пенитенциарная наука (Dec 2023)
Modern View on the Formation of Students’ Worldview in the Pedagogical Heritage of K.D. Ushinskii
Abstract
Introduction: formation of students’ worldview is the most important element in any pedagogical system. Pedagogical heritage of K.D. Ushinskii is not an exception. The article describes evolution of K.D. Ushinskii’s views on the formation of the worldview of students, analyzes its components, determines correlation between his pedagogical teaching and socio-economic development of Russia in the mid19th century, philosophical and pedagogical teachings of his predecessors and contemporaries. The main idea of K.D. Ushinskii, which determines the entire system of education, is the inseparable connection of domestic education and upbringing with folk culture and modern needs of society and the state. There are three cornerstones of K.D. Ushinskii’s pedagogical teaching, such as nationality, religiosity and scientificity. Purpose: to consider and analyze an aspect of the pedagogical system of K.D. Ushinskii, such as formation of the worldview of students, which determines all the other parts of his pedagogical system, to find those elements in his concept that remain relevant at the present time and can be used as guiding ideas in modern domestic pedagogy. Methods: to comprehensively analyze K.D. Ushinskii’ point of view on the ideas of philosophers known at that time, the authors used the method of content analysis of mentions of the names of these philosophers in the two-volume edition of his fundamental work “Man as a subject of education”. The method of comparative analysis and the historical method were also actively used. Results: the authors have considered formation of the worldview of students in the pedagogical system of K.D. Ushinskii from the standpoint of modernity in the philosophical and sociological aspect, indicating those moments in his concept that were relevant at the beginning of the 19th century and can be used as guiding ideas in modern Russian pedagogy. Distinguishing in the complex concept “worldview” its three components known in philosophy, such as attitude to life (emotional-psychological side), perception of the world (image of the world in visual sensory representations obtained as a result of sensory perception of the surrounding world) and philosophy of life (cognitiveintellectual side of the worldview), the authors conclude that the fact that three cornerstones of K.D. Ushinskii’s pedagogical system (nationality, religiosity and scientificity) allow forming all these components of the worldview. Conclusions: philosophical views of K.D. Ushinskii developed from objective idealism to dualism and incomplete materialism, close to dialectical materialism. Religiosity of education and upbringing evolved in the pedagogical system, becoming an applied educational aspect that helps to better master folk culture, without which no national education is possible. Such an element of the pedagogical system as scientificity also changed, which he considered in two aspects: the scientific character of pedagogy itself, based on knowledge of anthropology and other sciences, and scientific character as the formation of a scientific picture of the world, acquisition of knowledge of natural and social sciences, which allow students to master professions that meet their interests and needs of the society at that time. Relying on the variability and development of nature and society, which presupposes constant correction of education and nutrition in accordance with these changes, it is necessary to abandon dogmas and established standards of education and upbringing, adapting the education system to new realities of public life. K.D. Ushinskii considered pedagogy at the same time as science and art. In addition to knowledge, pedagogy also requires pedagogical abilities and inclinations, enriched with data from many anthropological sciences.
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