Experimental insights into the stability of graphene oxide nanosheet and polymer hybrid coupled by ANOVA statistical analysis

Abstract

Abstract The synergistic potential of using graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) as GO enhanced polymer hybrid (GOeP) for enhancing oil recovery (EOR) purposes has drawn attention. However, the hybridization method and stability of GOeP have not been comprehensively studied. To cover this gap, the current study evaluates the stability of GOeP under different conditions, including temperatures such as 60 and 80 °C, high and low salinities, and the presence of Mg2+ ions (6430 and 643 ppm). Hence, GO nanosheets were synthesized and characterized through XRD, Raman, FTIR, and DLS techniques. The performance of five preparation methods was assessed to determine their ability to produce stable hybrids. Zeta potential and sedimentation methods, coupled with the ANOVA statistical technique, were used for measuring and interpreting stability for 21 days. Results revealed that the stability of GOeP in the presence of brine is influenced by hydrolyzation duration, the composition of the water used in polymer hydrolyzation, the form of additives (being powdery or in aqueous solution), and the dispersion quality, including whether the GO solution was prediluted. The results revealed that the positive impact of higher temperatures on the long-term stability of GOeP is approximately seven times less significant than the reduction in stability caused by salinity. Under elevated salinity conditions, a higher Mg2+ concentration led to an 80% decrease in long-term stability, whereas the temperature impact was negligible. These findings highlight the potential of GOeP for EOR applications, offering insights into optimizing stability under challenging reservoir conditions.

Keywords

• Graphene oxide nanosheets
• Stability
• Zeta potential
• ANOVA
• Nanoparticle-enhanced polymer hybrid