The Role of Zinc and Copper in Platelet Activation and Pathophysiological Thrombus Formation in Patients with Pulmonary Embolism in the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Monika Szewc,
Agnieszka Markiewicz-Gospodarek,
Aleksandra Górska,
Zuzanna Chilimoniuk,
Mansur Rahnama,
Elżbieta Radzikowska-Buchner,
Karolina Strzelec-Pawelczak,
Jarosław Bakiera,
Ryszard Maciejewski
Affiliations
Monika Szewc
Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
Agnieszka Markiewicz-Gospodarek
Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
Aleksandra Górska
Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
Zuzanna Chilimoniuk
Student Scientific Group, Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-032 Lublin, Poland
Mansur Rahnama
Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
Elżbieta Radzikowska-Buchner
Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillary Surgery, CSK MSWiA, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland
Karolina Strzelec-Pawelczak
Resident of Neonatology Department SPSK nr 1 in Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
Jarosław Bakiera
Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Regional Specialist Hospital in Lublin, 20-718 Lublin, Poland
Ryszard Maciejewski
Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
To date, many studies have proved that COVID-19 increases the incidence of thrombus formation and coagulopathies but the exact mechanism behind such a disease outcome is not well known. In this review we collect the information and discuss the pathophysiology of thrombus formation in patients with pulmonary embolism in the course of COVID-19 disease and the role of zinc and copper in the process. Supplementation of zinc and copper may be beneficial for COVID-19 patients due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. On the other hand, excess of those microelements in the organism may be harmful, that is why marking the level of those micronutrients should be done at first. We also propose further investigation of diagnostic and therapeutic options of zinc and copper in course of COVID-19 thrombus formation to their potential in patient care, with particular emphasis on the dosage and the duration of their misbalance.
