Interkingdom interactions on the denture surface: Implications for oral hygiene
Christopher Delaney,
Lindsay E. O'Donnell,
Ryan Kean,
Leighann Sherry,
Jason L. Brown,
Gareth Calvert,
Christopher J. Nile,
Laura Cross,
David J. Bradshaw,
Bernd W. Brandt,
Douglas Robertson,
Gordon Ramage
Affiliations
Christopher Delaney
Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK
Lindsay E. O'Donnell
Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK
Ryan Kean
Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
Leighann Sherry
Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK; School of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
Jason L. Brown
Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK
Gareth Calvert
Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK
Christopher J. Nile
Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK
Laura Cross
Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK
David J. Bradshaw
Oral Health Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, St Georges Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
Bernd W. Brandt
Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Douglas Robertson
Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK
Gordon Ramage
Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK; Corresponding author.
Background: Evidence to support the role of Candida species in oral disease is limited. Often considered a commensal, this opportunistic yeast has been shown to play a role in denture related disease, though whether it is an active participant or innocent bystander remains to be determined. This study sought to understand the role of Candida species alongside the bacterial microbiome in a denture patient cohort, exploring how the microbiology of the denture was affected by oral hygiene practices. Materials and methods: In vitro denture cleansing studies were performed on a complex 9-species interkingdom denture biofilm model, with quantitative assessment of retained bacterial and fungal viable bioburdens. Patient hygiene measures were also collected from 131 patients, including OHIP, frequency of denture cleansing, oral hygiene measure and patient demographics. The bacterial microbiome was analysed from each patient, alongside quantitative PCR assessment of ITS (fungal) and 16S (bacterial) bioburden from denture, mucosa and intact dentition. Results: It was shown that following in vitro denture cleansing C. albicans were unresponsive to treatment, whereas bacterial biofilms could repopulate 100-fold, but were susceptible to subsequent treatment. Within the patient cohort, oral hygiene did not impact candidal or bacterial composition, nor diversity. The levels of Candida did not significantly influence the bacterial microbiome, though an observed gradient was suggestive of a microbial composition change in response to Candida load, indicating interkingdom interaction rather than an oral hygiene effect. Indeed, correlation analysis was able to show significant correlations between Candida species and key genera (Lactobacillus, Scardovia, Fusobacterium). Conclusions: Overall, this study has shown that the denture microbiome/mycobiome is relatively resilient to oral hygiene challenges, but that Candida species have potential interactions with key oral genera. These interactions may have a bearing on shaping community structure and a shift from health to disease when the opportunity arises.
