Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Seafood Samples from Zhejiang Province Using Pass-Through SPE-UPLC-MS/MS: Occurrence and Human Dietary Exposure Risk

Abstract

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has attracted wide attention due to its high toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. In this study, a sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of PCP in seafood samples was developed and validated. The samples were ultrasonic extracted with acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid-acetonitrile and followed by using a pass-through solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup on Captiva EMR-Lipid cartridges. The linearity of this method ranged from 1 to 1000 μg/L, with regression coefficients of >0.99. The detection limit and quantitation limit were 0.5 μg/kg and 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries in different types of seafood samples ranged from 86.4% to 102.5%, and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 3.7% to 11.2% and 2.9% to 12.1%, respectively (n = 6). Finally, the method has been successfully utilized for the screening of PCP in 760 seafood samples from Zhejiang Province. PCP was detected in 5.8% of all seafood samples, with the largest portion of detections found in shellfish, accounting for approximately 60% of the total. The average concentrations detected ranged from 1.08 to 21.49 μg/kg. The non-carcinogenic risk indices for adults and children who consume PCP ranged from 10−4 to 10−3 magnitudes. All of these indices stayed significantly below 1, implying that the health risk from PCP in marine organisms to humans is minimal.

Keywords

• pentachlorophenol
• seafood
• liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
• health risk