Post-weaning A1/A2 β-casein milk intake modulates depressive-like behavior, brain μ-opioid receptors, and the metabolome of rats
Aya Osman,
Simone Zuffa,
Gemma Walton,
Elizabeth Fagbodun,
Panos Zanos,
Polymnia Georgiou,
Ian Kitchen,
Jonathan Swann,
Alexis Bailey
Affiliations
Aya Osman
Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
Simone Zuffa
Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Gemma Walton
Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Elizabeth Fagbodun
Pharmacology Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George’s University of London, London, UK
Panos Zanos
Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
Polymnia Georgiou
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
Ian Kitchen
School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
Jonathan Swann
Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Corresponding author
Alexis Bailey
Pharmacology Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George’s University of London, London, UK; Corresponding author
Summary: The postnatal period is critical for brain and behavioral development and is sensitive to environmental stimuli, such as nutrition. Prevention of weaning from maternal milk was previously shown to cause depressive-like behavior in rats. Additionally, loss of dietary casein was found to act as a developmental trigger for a population of brain opioid receptors. Here, we explore the effect of exposure to milk containing A1 and A2 β-casein beyond weaning. A1 but not A2 β-casein milk significantly increased stress-induced immobility in rats, concomitant with an increased abundance of Clostridium histolyticum bacterial group in the caecum and colon of A1 β-casein fed animals, brain region-specific alterations of μ-opioid and oxytocin receptors, and modifications in urinary biochemical profiles. Moreover, urinary gut microbial metabolites strongly correlated with altered brain metabolites. These findings suggest that consumption of milk containing A1 β-casein beyond weaning age may affect mood via a possible gut-brain axis mechanism.
