Recent Developments in Diagnosis of Epilepsy: Scope of MicroRNA and Technological Advancements
Ritam Bandopadhyay,
Tanveer Singh,
Mohammed M. Ghoneim,
Sultan Alshehri,
Efthalia Angelopoulou,
Yam Nath Paudel,
Christina Piperi,
Javed Ahmad,
Nabil A. Alhakamy,
Mohamed A. Alfaleh,
Awanish Mishra
Affiliations
Ritam Bandopadhyay
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
Tanveer Singh
Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
Mohammed M. Ghoneim
Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
Sultan Alshehri
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Efthalia Angelopoulou
Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
Yam Nath Paudel
Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
Christina Piperi
Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
Javed Ahmad
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
Nabil A. Alhakamy
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Mohamed A. Alfaleh
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Awanish Mishra
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, characterized by recurrent seizures, resulting from abnormally synchronized episodic neuronal discharges. Around 70 million people worldwide are suffering from epilepsy. The available antiepileptic medications are capable of controlling seizures in around 60–70% of patients, while the rest remain refractory. Poor seizure control is often associated with neuro-psychiatric comorbidities, mainly including memory impairment, depression, psychosis, neurodegeneration, motor impairment, neuroendocrine dysfunction, etc., resulting in poor prognosis. Effective treatment relies on early and correct detection of epileptic foci. Although there are currently a few well-established diagnostic techniques for epilepsy, they lack accuracy and cannot be applied to patients who are unsupportive or harbor metallic implants. Since a single test result from one of these techniques does not provide complete information about the epileptic foci, it is necessary to develop novel diagnostic tools. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current diagnostic tools of epilepsy, including electroencephalography (EEG) as well as structural and functional neuroimaging. We further discuss recent trends and advances in the diagnosis of epilepsy that will enable more effective diagnosis and clinical management of patients.
