Metabolic Hepatic Disorders Caused by Ciguatoxins in Goldfish (<i>Carassius auratus</i>)
María José Ramos-Sosa,
Víctor Hernández López,
Andres Sanchez-Henao,
Natalia García-Álvarez,
Ana R. Díaz-Marrero,
Inmaculada Rosario,
Fernando Real,
José J. Fernández
Affiliations
María José Ramos-Sosa
Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
Víctor Hernández López
Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Andres Sanchez-Henao
Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
Natalia García-Álvarez
Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
Ana R. Díaz-Marrero
Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Inmaculada Rosario
Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
Fernando Real
Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
José J. Fernández
Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a foodborne disease known for centuries; however, little research has been conducted on the effects of ciguatoxins (CTXs) on fish metabolism. The main objective of this study was to assess different hepatic compounds observed in goldfish (Carassius auratus) fed C-CTX1 using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. Thirteen goldfish were treated with C-CTX1-enriched flesh and sampled on days 1, 8, 15, 29, 36, and 43. On day 43, two individuals, referred to as ‘Detox’, were isolated until days 102 and 121 to evaluate the possible recovery after returning to a commercial feed. At each sampling, hepatic tissue was weighed to calculate the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and analyzed for the metabolomics study; animals fed toxic flesh showed a higher HSI, even greater in the ‘Detox’ individuals. Furthermore, altered concentrations of alanine, lactate, taurine, glucose, and glycogen were observed in animals with the toxic diet. These disturbances could be related to an increase in ammonium ion (NH4+) production. An increase in ammonia (NH3) concentration in water was observed in the aquarium where the fish ingested toxic meat compared to the non-toxic aquarium. All these changes may be rationalized by the relationship between CTXs and the glucose–alanine cycle.
