Information on Drivers’ Sex Improves EEG-Based Drowsiness Detection Model

Abstract

Objective detection of a driver’s drowsiness is important for improving driving safety, and the most prominent indicator of drowsiness is changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. Despite extensively documented behavioral differences between male and female drivers, previous studies have not differentiated drowsiness detection models based on drivers’ sex. Therefore, the overall aim of this study is to demonstrate that drowsiness detection can be improved with the use of drivers’ sex information, either as a feature or as separate sex-dependent datasets. Additionally, we aim to provide a reliable EEG-based sex classification model. The used dataset consists of 17 male and 17 female drivers which were evaluated during alert and drowsy sessions. Frequency-domain and recurrence quantification analysis EEG features were used. Four classification algorithms and three feature selection methods were applied to build the models. The accuracy of drowsiness detection based on sex-dependent datasets is 84% for male drivers and 88% for female drivers, which is 3% and 7% better, respectively, than the classification without information about driver’s sex (81%). The model for sex classification based on EEG achieved high accuracy: 97% correctly identified participants in alert sessions and 96% in drowsy sessions. All participants were correctly classified after the application of majority voting on five algorithm runs. The results suggest that sex-dependent datasets improve the accuracy of drowsiness models, which may be relevant to a variety of drowsiness detection systems currently being developed in the field.

Keywords

• drowsiness detection
• EEG features
• machine learning
• recurrence quantification analysis
• sex classification
• sex differences