Extraction, Phytochemical profile, and neuroprotective activity of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract against sodium valproate-induced postnatal autism in BALB/c mice
Balaji Gouda,
Sukesh Narayan Sinha,
Rajendra Sangaraju,
Tien Huynh,
Shashikala Patangay,
Surekha Venkata Mullapudi,
Sathish Kumar Mungamuri,
Pradeep B. Patil,
Madhusudhana Chary Periketi
Affiliations
Balaji Gouda
Division of Food Safety, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India; Department of Pharmacy, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500027, India
Sukesh Narayan Sinha
Division of Food Safety, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India; Corresponding author. Division of Food Safety, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, India.
Rajendra Sangaraju
Division of Food Safety, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India; School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia
Tien Huynh
School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia
Shashikala Patangay
Department of Pharmacy, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500027, India
Surekha Venkata Mullapudi
Division of Pathology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India
Sathish Kumar Mungamuri
Division of Food Safety, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India
Pradeep B. Patil
Animal Facility Division, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India
Madhusudhana Chary Periketi
SEM Facility, Cell Biology Division, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of amla (EAFA) extract on valproic acid (VPA)-induced postnatal autism in BALB/c mice. Our study revealed that mice treated with VPA on postnatal day 14 (PND14) showed significant abnormal behaviours such as social interaction, social affiliation, anxiety, and motor coordination compared to the control group, while EAFA extract treatment (100 mg/kg) ameliorated these symptoms. Our study highlights the protective effect of EAFA extract on improving behavioural alterations, significantly restoring anti-oxidative enzymes such as GST and GR, and reducing MDA and NO levels. Furthermore, the EAFA-treated group significantly lowered the proinflammatory markers (IL-1β and TNF-α) and the expression of up-regulated 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, and D2 receptor proteins. Based on histopathological studies, the percentage of neuronal injury in the EAFA-treated group as well as cellular structural changes were reduced using SEM analysis. In conclusion, the present study suggests that treatment with EAFA extract ameliorates VPA-induced autism due to its anti-oxidant and neuroprotective activity.
